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In the s and s a lot of work was done on the Nights by Zotenberg and others, in the course of which a consensus view of the history of the text emerged.

Most scholars agreed that the Nights was a composite work and that the earliest tales in it came from India and Persia.

At some time, probably in the early 8th century, these tales were translated into Arabic under the title Alf Layla , or 'The Thousand Nights'.

This collection then formed the basis of The Thousand and One Nights. The original core of stories was quite small.

Then, in Iraq in the 9th or 10th century, this original core had Arab stories added to it—among them some tales about the Caliph Harun al-Rashid.

Also, perhaps from the 10th century onwards, previously independent sagas and story cycles were added to the compilation [ In the early modern period yet more stories were added to the Egyptian collections so as to swell the bulk of the text sufficiently to bring its length up to the full 1, nights of storytelling promised by the book's title.

Devices found in Sanskrit literature such as frame stories and animal fables are seen by some scholars as lying at the root of the conception of the Nights.

The influence of the Panchatantra and Baital Pachisi is particularly notable. It is possible that the influence of the Panchatantra is via a Sanskrit adaptation called the Tantropakhyana.

Only fragments of the original Sanskrit form of this work survive, but translations or adaptations exist in Tamil, [14] Lao, [15] Thai, [16] and Old Javanese.

In the 10th century Ibn al-Nadim compiled a catalogue of books the "Fihrist" in Baghdad. He noted that the Sassanid kings of Iran enjoyed "evening tales and fables".

He also writes disparagingly of the collection's literary quality, observing that "it is truly a coarse book, without warmth in the telling".

In the s, the Iraqi scholar Safa Khulusi suggested on internal rather than historical evidence that the Persian writer Ibn al-Muqaffa' was responsible for the first Arabic translation of the frame story and some of the Persian stories later incorporated into the Nights.

This would place genesis of the collection in the 8th century. In the midth century, the scholar Nabia Abbott found a document with a few lines of an Arabic work with the title The Book of the Tale of a Thousand Nights , dating from the 9th century.

This is the earliest known surviving fragment of the Nights. Some of the earlier Persian tales may have survived within the Arabic tradition altered such that Arabic Muslim names and new locations were substituted for pre-Islamic Persian ones, but it is also clear that whole cycles of Arabic tales were eventually added to the collection and apparently replaced most of the Persian materials.

One such cycle of Arabic tales centres around a small group of historical figures from 9th-century Baghdad, including the caliph Harun al-Rashid died , his vizier Jafar al-Barmaki d.

Another cluster is a body of stories from late medieval Cairo in which are mentioned persons and places that date to as late as the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

Two main Arabic manuscript traditions of the Nights are known: the Syrian and the Egyptian. The Syrian tradition is primarily represented by the earliest extensive manuscript of the Nights , a fourteenth- or fifteenth-century Syrian manuscript now known as the Galland Manuscript.

It and surviving copies of it are much shorter and include fewer tales than the Egyptian tradition. It is represented in print by the so-called Calcutta I — and most notably by the 'Leiden edition' Texts of the Egyptian tradition emerge later and contain many more tales of much more varied content; a much larger number of originally independent tales have been incorporated into the collection over the centuries, most of them after the Galland manuscript was written, [38] : 32 and were being included as late as in the 18th and 19th centuries, perhaps in order to attain the eponymous number of nights.

All extant substantial versions of both recensions share a small common core of tales: [39]. The texts of the Syrian recension do not contain much beside that core.

It is debated which of the Arabic recensions is more "authentic" and closer to the original: the Egyptian ones have been modified more extensively and more recently, and scholars such as Muhsin Mahdi have suspected that this was caused in part by European demand for a "complete version"; but it appears that this type of modification has been common throughout the history of the collection, and independent tales have always been added to it.

No copy of this edition survives, but it was the basis for an edition by Bulaq, published by the Egyptian government. Each volume contained one hundred tales.

Soon after, the Prussian scholar Christian Maximilian Habicht collaborated with the Tunisian Mordecai ibn al-Najjar to create an edition containing nights both in the original Arabic and in German translation, initially in a series of eight volumes published in Breslau in — A further four volumes followed in — In addition to the Galland manuscript, Habicht and al-Najjar used what they believed to be a Tunisian manuscript, which was later revealed as a forgery by al-Najjar.

This claimed to be based on an older Egyptian manuscript which has never been found. In , a further Arabic edition appeared, containing from the Arabian Nights transcribed from a seventeenth-century manuscript in the Egyptian dialect of Arabic.

The first European version — was translated into French by Antoine Galland from an Arabic text of the Syrian recension and other sources.

Galland's version of the Nights was immensely popular throughout Europe, and later versions were issued by Galland's publisher using Galland's name without his consent.

As scholars were looking for the presumed "complete" and "original" form of the Nights, they naturally turned to the more voluminous texts of the Egyptian recension, which soon came to be viewed as the "standard version".

The first translations of this kind, such as that of Edward Lane , , were bowdlerized. Burton's original 10 volumes were followed by a further six seven in the Baghdad Edition and perhaps others entitled The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night , which were printed between and It has, however, been criticized for its "archaic language and extravagant idiom" and "obsessive focus on sexuality" and has even been called an "eccentric ego-trip " and a "highly personal reworking of the text".

Courtney Stanley. Add to Plan. Shahryar and Scheherazade. The Three Apples. The Tale of the Hunchback. The Vizier and the Sage Duban.

Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves. The Fisherman and the Jinni. Ever wonder what A Christmas Story star Peter Billingsley and other adorable kids from holiday movies look like now?

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Tell me more Cancel. Play more games. He is noted for having a magic tent that would expand so as to shelter an army, and contract so that it could go into one's pocket.

Ahmed travels to Samarkand city and buys an apple that can cure any disease if the sick person smells it. He goes hungry for many months until he sees Zumurrud on sale in a slave market.

Zumurrud gives Ali the money to buy her and the two live together and fall in love. A year later Zumurrud is kidnapped by a Christian and Ali spends the rest of the story finding her.

He travels to Shiraz , the capital Persia , and buys a magic perspective glass that can see for hundreds of miles. Aladdin uses the genie of the lamp to foil the Princess's arranged marriage to the Grand Vizier's son, and marries her himself.

The Princess is described as being somewhat spoiled and vain. Her name is often changed in many retellings to make it easier to pronounce. He cures King Yunan from leprosy.

Duban works his medicine in an unusual way: he creates a mallet and ball to match, filling the handle of the mallet with his medicine.

When the king plays with the ball and mallet, he perspires, thus absorbing the medicine through the sweat from his hand into his bloodstream.

After a short bath and a sleep, the King is cured, and rewards Duban with wealth and royal honor.

The stories are so entertaining, and the king so eager to hear the end, that he puts off her execution from day to day and finally abandons his cruel plan.

Though the names of its chief characters are Iranian, the frame story is probably Indian, and the largest proportion of names is Arabic.

The first known reference to the Nights is a 9th-century fragment. By the 20th century, Western scholars had agreed that the Nights is a composite work consisting of popular stories originally transmitted orally and developed during several centuries, with material added somewhat haphazardly at different periods and places.

Several layers in the work, including one originating in Baghdad and one larger and later, written in Egypt, were distinguished in by August Müller.

Nights by Neneru Neru from «Odin» submitted on Dec 9th, Nights EDP Perfume By Ajmal 60 ML🥇Authentic Famous Amazing Fragrance🥇. Condition is "New with box". Shipped with Standard Shipping. Overview Tales from the Thousand and One Nights, also known as One Thousand and One Nights, is a collection of interconnected stories, an amalgamation of Arab, Persian, Indian, and other fairytales which were reshaped and retold by storytellers throughout the medieval Islamic world. One Thousand and One Nights (Arabic: أَلْفُ لَيْلَةٍ وَلَيْلَةٌ ‎, ʾAlf Laylah wa-Laylah) is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. 1, Nights, also known as The Thousand and One Nights or Arabian Nights, is a collection of Middle Eastern and South Asian folk tales that were originally published together during the Islamic Golden Age. The One Thousand and One Nights and various tales within it make use of many innovative literary techniqueswhich the storytellers of the tales rely on for increased drama, suspense, or other emotions. Her first story is an amusing […]. By Google Spielen I mean vital, absorbing and exhilarating. Episode Guide. Exit Full Screen. The thrill of life at sea leads Sinbad Shakes And Fidget Festung keep exploring despite the danger, but after his seventh voyage, Sinbad finally decides Spielothek settle down. The officer mocks the idea of foreboding dreams and tells the protagonist that he himself had a dream about a house with a courtyard Spinata fountain in Baghdad where treasure is buried under the fountain. The king postpones her Daegu Fc to find out the end of the story. She is recast as a major character as the narrator of the Dunyazadiad segment of John Barth 's novel Chimera. Thus the mystery is solved. Cartoons, Cartoons, Cartoons, Cartoons. Reviewed 17 December Terrible. Also, perhaps from the 10th century onwards, previously independent sagas and story cycles were added to the compilation [ Added to Watchlist. Athgar 13 episodes,